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Showing posts with label conceptual. Show all posts
Showing posts with label conceptual. Show all posts

Sunday, June 14, 2020

June 14, 2020

Simulation Theory - worth your time - sciencenreds

We, humans, are unable to experience the true nature of the universe unfiltered. Our senses and brain can only process a fraction of the world. So we have to use concepts and tools to get to know the true nature of reality. Technological progress has not only expanded our knowledge of the universe but also made us aware of worrying opportunities.

          


In the future, it could be possible to simulate entire universes. But if this is an option

-how can we know that it hasn't happened already?

-What if we are not creators but creations?

- Is it possible that we are not real and do not even know?


If our current understanding of physics is correct, it is impossible to simulate the entire universe with its trillions and trillions of things. But we don't need that anyway. We only need enough universe to deceive the residents of our simulation and believe that they are real. Who needs billions of galaxies? We only need the space that our subjects can explore. The huge universe could only be a flat projection and they would have no way of knowing it.

What about small things like cells or bacteria? We don't really need them. If you use a microscope, what you see can be created immediately. As with atoms, the chair you are sitting on does not need to be simulated with quadrillion atoms. We only need the outermost layer of it, it could be empty inside until you decide to break it open. Your body may feel filled with bubbly things, but it may be empty until you open it. The minimum requirement for our simulation is only the awareness of our virtual people. Our test subjects just have to think that the simulation is real.

Okay, so are we being simulated? Well, maybe, but there are some conditions that need to be met. Obviously, we have no authority on this issue, so please take everything we say with a grain of salt. Based on a modified version of Nick Bostrom's original simulation argument, we have five assumptions for you. If they are true, dear readers, live in a simulation.


Assumption one :

It is possible to simulate awareness! Nobody knows what consciousness is. As an argument, suppose you could create awareness by simulating a brain. Brains are pretty complex. If you count every interaction between synapses as one operation, your brain will run at approximately ten to the seventeen (10 ^ 17) for one hundred million billion operations per second. Let us assume generously that we need ten to twenty (10 ^ 20) operations to simulate a second of human consciousness. But we don't just want to simulate a human being ... We want to simulate all of human history at once so we can jump around. Let's say we want to simulate two hundred billion people with an average lifespan of fifty years.


    A year has thirty million seconds times fifty years times two hundred billion people times ten times twenty (50 M sec x 50 years x 200 B people x 10 ^ 20) operations. So we need a computer that can handle millions, trillions, trillions, trillions of operations per second. More operations than stars in the observable universe. The computer like this is simply impossible. Until it's not.


Assumption two:

    Technological progress will not stop so quickly. If we assume that technological progress will continue in a similar way as before, there could be cross-galaxy civilizations that will eventually have unlimited computing power. Beings on a technological level that is so advanced that we could hardly distinguish them from gods. A computer that can handle a million trillion, trillion, trillion operations is serious business, but there are actually concepts for computers that can handle it.


    The Matrioshka brain is the theoretical megastructure, made up of billions of parts orbiting a star and feeding on its radiation. A computer of this size would have enough power to simulate thousands, if not millions, of humanities at the same time. Other technologies, such as future high-end quantum computers, can drastically reduce the size, so this may be possible with a structure the size of a city or even smaller. But only if someone is still there to build the computer.


Assumption three :

 Advanced civilizations do not destroy themselves. If there is a point where all civilizations have destroyed themselves, this whole discussion ends here. If you look into space, you can expect a universe full of millions of alien civilizations, but we don't see anyone. The reason could be Great Filters. Large filters are obstacles that life must overcome, such as nuclear war, asteroids, climate change or a black hole generator. If life is inherently self-destructive, there are no simulations.


Assumption four:

    Advanced civilizations want to do simulations. When we speak of posthuman civilizations, we don't know what we are dealing with, we think we know what beings are as powerful as gods want, they are quite arrogant. Imagine the smartest ant in the world living next to an amusement park. She's curious about what people are up to, so try to explain. Unfortunately, the ant just doesn't understand. The concept of roller coasters and standing in snakes and holidays and fun makes no sense to an ant that leads the life of an ant.


It is the same with us and a posthuman being. We are ants compared to them. Carrying out simulations for fun or for science could be an absurdly stupid idea for them. However, if you want to run simulations for whatever reason and the assumptions one, two, three also apply, the probability that you live in a simulation is not zero.


Assumption five :

   If there are many simulations, you are probably in a simulation. If there are simulated civilizations, it is likely that there are many of them. Finally, we assume that posthuman beings have access to practically unlimited computing power. So if you run simulations, it would be convenient to run millions or even billions of them. If there are billions of simulated universes, there are probably billions and trillions of simulated conscious beings. This would mean that the vast majority of all conscious beings that will ever exist are simulated. For every conscious being made of flesh, there are a billion simulated beings. In this case, since we cannot know whether we are being simulated or not, chances are that you are one of the "nine hundred and ninety-nine million nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand and ninety-nine" (999 999) simulated are fairly high. What you see as reality may not be real at all.


They could really ... be simulated. All of this is based on many assumptions that we cannot really test at the moment, so many scientists disagree with this whole thought experiment. So don't burn your house down to test if there are any malfunctions. If you are being simulated and not changing that much for you, you may be on a small planet accelerated by eternal nothing, or simulating in a computer. Their existence does not become more or less scary and bizarre.


We can only hope to live a good life and have a good time. And I hope that if we actually do simulations in a supercomputer, nobody will trip over the power cable. Read on about paradoxes and thought experiments. Even if theories contradict each other, it is worth it because every experiment was once a theory ...

~sciencefreak


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Monday, March 2, 2020

March 02, 2020

Why Do Our Age Slower In Space? - ScienceNerds

In the movie Superman, there is a famous scene in which the Man of Steel revolves around the planet to go back in time, while the idea is pure comic fiction if someone revolved around the planet, in fact, it would affect time, but only to them.



 Time is relative, which means that the speed of time passes changes based on numerous factors such as gravity or how quickly you move. What this means is that astronauts in space-age more slowly than everyone here on Earth. But why?


Einstein's theory of relativity created the idea that there is a fabric that permeates the entire universe called 'space-time' 'Space-time' does not remain the same, it can be deformed by matter and energy This is called 'dilation of time '.


For example, time moves slower on Earth than in space because the gravitational force of Earth doubles space-time, this is 'gravitational dilation of time' If you were in space away from the gravitational pull of the Earth, You would age faster than someone at home. It is stronger the closer it is to the surface, it means that your feet are younger than your head And a person who lives on the ground would age more slowly than someone who lived on top of a mountain But the difference would be as small as to make it imperceptible.


Time also moves slower the faster it moves, this is 'speed time dilation'. On the twin stage, if one twin remained on Earth while the other twin flew in a rocket through space before returning, the twin in the rocket would meet when he returned. his earthly twin had aged more.




 This is exactly what happens when you have an atomic clock flying on a plane. It will record less time than past than an atomic clock that remains on the ground. So, do we age more slowly in space or not? The answer depends on what you are doing in space. If I were floating in space on Earth and didn't move, I would age faster. But for those astronauts on the International Space Station that buzzes around Earth at about five miles per second, they would actually age more slowly. because its expansion of velocity-time has an effect greater than its expansion of gravitational time. A six-month period aboard the IEE would give you approximately 0.07 seconds of extra life. So, if you want to stay young in relation to other people on Earth, all you have to do is find a way to revolve around the planet at an incredible speed like Superman.

~Sciencefreak
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Friday, February 28, 2020

February 28, 2020

Neutrino Detector - Sciencenerds


My hardcore science fans probably know about Super-Kamio Kande, or Super-K, as their friends call it. The 15-story high water tank buried 1,000 meters below a mountain in Japan has been instrumental in detecting and studying neutrinos, reshaping the standard model of particle physics while doing so. Now the Japanese government has approved Hyper-Kamiokande that it will be, he guessed, even bigger. So large that you can rewrite the standard model once again. Before arriving at the event of a change in particle physics that Hyper-K could detect in theory, let's first talk about what it is designed to detect. Hyper-K, like Super-K before, will look for neutrinos.

surface view of Neutrino detector



Neutrinos are incredibly elusive and difficult to detect because they rarely interact with anything. Billions and billions of ultralight and uncharged particles pass through us at almost the speed of light every second, and honestly, I've never noticed. But here is the beauty of the word "almost." Neutrinos almost never interact with another matter, which is another way of saying that sometimes they do! So, if you can get a lot of stuff and just look at it for a while, and I mean it, you should eventually see the telltale sign of a neutrino interaction. The revealing sign in question is something known as Cherenkov radiation. Cherenkov radiation occurs when a charged particle travels faster than the speed of light through a dielectric medium such as water. Think of it almost like a sonic boom, but instead of a conical air shock wave, the charged particle in motion generates a cone of blue light. If I paid close attention, he noticed that I said that Cherenkov's radiation is generated by charged particles, but neutrinos have no charge. However, neutrinos come in three types or "flavours"; electron, muon and tau.



On the rare occasion when a neutrino interacts with water, it will become one of these other subatomic particles based on its taste. The electrons, muons and tau particles charge and will briefly emit a Cherenkov light cone until they slow down below the speed of light in water. The end result that the sensors can detect is a faint flash of a blue ring of light. Super-K uses 50,000 metric tons of ultrapure water observed by 11,000 golden bulbs called Photo Multiplier Tubes that take that dim light and convert it into electric current. Thanks to its large size and sensitivity, it can detect neutrinos from the sun, our atmosphere or even from a particle accelerator on the other side of Honshu that shoots neutrinos from hundreds of kilometres away. 
In 1998, just two years after it started working, he observed that neutrinos oscillate, which means that they change between their three flavours while travelling. This discovery altered the standard model and earned a Japanese researcher the Nobel Prize. Super-K has accomplished a lot, so what could an even larger detector with more than five times the water and four times the photocopying tube achieve? How about explaining why things are here? Scientists believe that Hyper-K will be able to make more precise measurements that will reveal the different speeds of neutrinos and their antimatter counterparts, antineutrinos, run through their three flavours.


This difference could be the key to explaining why more matter was created than antimatter when the universe began, instead of being done in equal parts that were completely annihilated. And if physicists are very, very, very lucky, Hyper-K will observe the decomposition of a proton. At this time, the standard model says that it is impossible, but if Hyper-Kamiokande observes a decay of protons, then our understanding of the entire universe changes. It would mean that three of the four fundamental forces come from a single fundamental force when time began. It would be the final missing piece in the puzzle of the great unified theories that otherwise seem to fit so perfectly. Hyper-K should be able to see a proton decay if its half-life is 10 ^ 34 years. That's a 1 with 34 zeros later. Hopefully, it does, because if the ultra-huge hyper-K does not detect it, that means that the average life of a proton must be at least 10 times longer. But we are getting ahead, Hyper-Kisn has not yet been built.

Let them really build it, then lift a chair and look at 260,000 metric tons of water. Or as I call it, Tuesday. Fun fact: while Super-K used ultra-pure water for decades, in 2019, researchers added gadolinium to make it more sensitive to antineutrinos. To test water filtration with the new element, the scientists made two test benches with the acronym EGADS and GADZOOKS. because scientists can't resist cheesy acronyms.
~sciencefreak

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Tuesday, February 18, 2020

February 18, 2020

IF the SUN explodes ?! - sciencenerds


If the sun exploded, what would happen to life on earth and would we even see it coming?

Let's get technical.

In a galaxy, the size of the Milky Way, one of the billion stars bound by gravity explodes approximately every 50 to 100 years and outshines all other stars in the galaxy that are composed for weeks to months.



These supernovae are among the most energetic events in the entire universe. We have observed some of them over the centuries, but never one in our cosmic backyard. Although our sun will change during its life by expanding into a red giant so much that it evaporates all inner planets and we are consumed by fire, our sun is simply not heavy enough to become a supernova.

To become a supernova, our sun needs 10 to 100 times the mass it now has, but Dr Ethan Siegel, astrophysicist and Zangief impersonator, with whom we previously worked on this show, had an interesting thought experiment that I would like to share with you. What if our relatively small sun was supernova? What would happen to us First, how does a star die? At the end of a massive star's life, the hydrogen and helium it used with two fuel fusions ran out and in its fusion processes, the star began to burn less efficient and heavier elements such as oxygen, carbon and neon.


When elements get heavier in the process, iron eventually begins to build up in the star core. And when this happens, the fate of a star is sealed.

The fusion of iron does not provide any additional energy. When this happens, there is a huge loss of thermal pressure that is fighting gravity that is trying to collapse the star. About a day after the star begins to burn silicon, the core collapses and the outer shells rush inward towards the iron core 23% at the speed of light and then bounce off the core, creating a shock wave that emanates from the core a few hours later Surface of the star breaks out because the star is so big and produces the equivalent of an entire galaxy light worth 30 years. If this were to happen to our sun, we would not literally see it coming. In terms of distance, the Sun is just over eight minutes of light from Earth and the fastest thing that can move, including information, is the speed of light.


Star composition - layered fashion

                   And so all the information about the sun, where it is, what it does, what it looks like is always eight minutes in the past. If the sun exploded and bathed us in light galaxies, we would not know anything about it until basically the sun, when it happened, would look normal in the sky in one moment and then in the next boom! But now we have to get technical. Would our supernova in the sun actually destroy us? And what would be the real mechanism of our lives if it were? There are two sensible ways that a supernova could wipe us out. First of all, do you think that only the photons, the light brighter than entire galaxies, would be enough to fry us? It's slow because this is actually the scale here. Second, you might think that a supernova’s blast, the material of the star that moves outward, and many per cent of the speed of light would be enough to destroy just an entire planet. And in either case, you'd be right, one of these apocalypses would immediately sterilize the sun-facing side of the earth when the material or light arrived, and the other side of the earth would die shortly afterwards. However, none of these apocalypses would make us do it first, no, this galactic grim reaper is completely invisible.



If our person's supernova, which we should be most concerned about, is something that just pervades you harmlessly. While the hydrogen and helium that drive the sun's fusion burn an immense amount of heat, light and neutrinos are created. Neutrinos are a pretty bizarre particle that is electrically neutral, and so little physicists thought for a long time that they had no mass at all. Neutrinos are known to work only through gravity and weak nuclear power, which means that they hardly interact with matter. To put this weak interaction in perspective, the most common number you can find in physics textbooks is that, thanks to the neutrino flow from the sun, on average about 70 trillion neutrinos are running through the surface of your hand right now and you don't feel anything. In fact, neutrinos interact so weakly that something has to be really stupid before a neutrino hits them on average. But how fat are you? That takes some math.


No, I will not apologize for saying it. What do the kids say on Twitter and Tinder? Consider a neutrino, not to scale. When this particle hits something, its effective collision area is a function of its diameter. This area for a neutrino, for the development of which the physicists took a long time, is indescribably small. So you can imagine that it takes a lot of very, very dense material to stop one.

We are talking about a block of metal through which a neutrino could move that is 1000 times wider than our solar system. It's stupidly thick. The fact that matter is fundamentally transparent to neutrinos makes it very difficult to recognize it. A small detector may never pick up a neutrino, although trillions over trillions of neutrinos pass through it every moment. Scientists circumvent this problem by enlarging everything and building absolutely huge machines. For example, this is the largest neutrino detector in the world, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. It is located at the South Pole and uses all of the untouched ice there as a dense material for the interaction of the neutrinos. A lot of ice is also used.


To maximize the probability of detection, this multi-million dollar device places sensors on a cubic kilometre of ice, which is almost a gigaton of ice. Now we keep saying that thanks to the sun, neutrinos go through everything all the time and you might be thinking, if neutrinos interact more with matter and have more energy, we would be in a lot of trouble. Guess what happens during a supernova. It would not be the light or the pressure wave of a supernova that would have caught us, neutrinos would wipe out all life on earth before we even knew it. Remember how a giant star dies, the core collapses, the material falls inside, bounces off the core, creates a shock wave and blows everything apart.


Now, before any of it breaks apart before the star explodes, an incredible number of neutrinos are generated just when the star breaks down. In just 10 seconds after the core of a star collapses, a vortex of 10 octodecillion (10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000) neutrinos flows through the star as if it weren't even there. Now it is somehow not intuitive where we think the energy is from an explosion, but these neutrinos actually carry 99% of a supernova potential, how much energy?

100 trillion joules,

(100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000 Joules).

I've never said that word before. And like Dr. Ethan Siegel emphasizes that this type of energy is like throwing an anti-matter bomb the size of a Jupiter onto Jupiter.


When the sun explodes in our mental experiment, all these neutrinos will run through space travelling at more or less the speed of light and will reach Earth about eight minutes later. And when they get there, they will not only pass harmlessly, as neutrinos usually do, because three things are now very different. Remember, on average, the amount of neutrinos that pass through the surface of your hand, thanks to the sun and its average impact area. Here is their energy when they are produced from the sun. Now, during a supernova, all these numbers change for the worse. The flow of neutrinos from the sun would increase by 10 billion times, their average impact area would increase by a factor of 10,000 and their energy would increase by 25 times, now these neutrinos have much more energy, are larger, more likely to interact and there are many more and you wouldn't need a cubic kilometre of ice to feel this. The volume of your body is more than enough. To finally answer our question, I came up with a perfectly named equation, if I say it myself, what I do, I present to you the nova equation.

N is our nucleon density for the material we are travelling through, phi here is the flow of neutrinos from the source as a supernova, V is the volume in question as your human volume, sigma, remember that it is our area of ​​impact of Neutrinos and E is the average energy per particle of neutrino. This equation should be able to tell us how much energy per second is deposited in a human volume during a supernova.

It's very, very specific, but what did you expect from me? If the sun exploded, before it really exploded, every human being on Earth would be mercilessly subjected to 50,000 watts of neutrino energy, 50,000 joules per second. This amounts to a lethal dose of radiation for each person in less than 20 seconds. This flow of neutrinos would continue to vaporize everything on the planet and basically, everything on all the planets of the solar system, hours before the sun's supernova light reached any of those planets, and when it got there, it would find an already burned Earth.

This is a silent apocalypse.

So, if the sun exploded in a supernova, it would not be the explosion itself that would erase the solar system, it would be the ghostly neutrino. And what really scares these ghosts is that there is no place to hide from them, no realistic amount of protection will save you. 
You could not even put an entire planet between you and the sun to protect yourself from these particles. Once again, the sun is not going to rise this way, but if it did, it would take us all with it, not with an explosion, but with a weekly moan of interaction because of science. 
I just want to thank Dr Ethan Siegal's article on this topic that I read in his blog "Start with a blow" on Forbes and it was very informative. Much of the information is from the same place, so I suggest you go and follow it. It is fascinating and read all this, it is very good writing.


Also, if the sun became a supernova, we would not like to warn ourselves. There is something called Supernova Early Warning System that we have established throughout the planet, SNEWS and you can monitor different stars and their exits there, luminosity, what they are doing, to give you an early warning type so that it did not come out of nowhere, but even if we detect it early, I mean, there isn't much you can do.

If you found this value-adding to your knowledge, please leave a comment below.


~sciencenerds
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Monday, February 17, 2020

February 17, 2020

Do Aliens Exist? If they do, would we know? - sciencenerds

One of the most important questions is, could there be another life besides us in the universe? And I think that almost all the scientists I know feel that there should be. I mean, simply the numbers: in our galaxy alone, there are half a billion stars. And now we are beginning to realize that almost all stars have their own solar system. At least, our unique galaxy has hundreds of billions of planets. And some of the stars are even older than our sun. There may be an opportunity for a civilization to begin billions of years before life began on earth.



And if that is true, could there be extraterrestrial civilizations that are much more technologically advanced than us? The unfortunate thing, of course, is that we have no evidence of this. They are not making it very obvious. So, is there any way we can see some of at least the artefacts of one of these super civilizations around a distant star? And one of the people who thought about this in a really wonderful way was a man named Freeman Dyson. And his name lent itself to something called the Dyson sphere. And what is a Dyson sphere: the idea is that a very advanced civilization would probably need a lot of energy. And one of the best sources of energy is solar energy, the energy of its star that orbits around. But instead of waiting for the starlight to reach a planet and be placed in small detectors and solar cells, what would happen if civilization were a bit more assertive about it, and actually went to the star and built collectors giants around? that star? The idea of ​​a Dyson sphere is probably a bit extreme because some people wondered if a civilization could build a full shell around a star. And that shell would collect all available radiation from that star that they could use for any alien purpose in their super-advanced civilization.

Many people have suggested that perhaps Shell would not be stable. It would be very difficult to keep that really working and orbiting around a star. Then, maybe I could make a giant grid of huge collectors that would orbit the star and capture as much radiation as possible. So, a Dyson sphere, or a kind of the equivalent of that, having many, many detectors in orbit around a star, is a wonderful idea in science fiction. The question is, is there any way to detect one of these? And for some time, in reality, people have wondered, what would happen if you saw a lot of infrared radiation, heat radiation, coming from an object similar to a star, but you didn't see any visible light? Is it possible that there was a layer of material around that star used to collect all its energy, and that layer was heating up because it is around the star, but it did not let the light pass? There are very serious scientists who proposed to look for objects similar to stars that only have heat, but that does not have associated light. Unfortunately, we never found any of those either. A couple of years ago, however, something very dramatic happened. which happened during the Kepler mission. This was a mission that looked for planets around other stars. And the way Kepler looked for planets is basically looking at a part of the sky where you could see a couple of hundreds of thousands of stars at a time, and only looked at it for years. The telescope never moved. I looked at the same part of the sky for a long, long time. And then, over time, scientists watched if the starlight varied. In general of these stars, could each star vary as a planet rotates and makes a small eclipse so that the planet has to be perfectly aligned along our line of sight, but that can happen, there are many planets in many Different orientations around the stars in the sky?


So, if what is perfectly aligned, you would see a small eclipse. The planet would pass in front of a star. You would not see the planet itself, but you would notice the fall of the starlight. The star would dim slightly. So what happens if you notice that a single star in that field darkens every three days? Every three days, there is the same small attenuation that returns again and again. You realize that you have a planet there, a planet, in this case, that orbits every three days and blocks the light. We have even found planets in Earth-like orbits that revolve around once a year. 

Then Kepler found thousands of planets just by looking at this part of the sky. Now, normally, when a planet is placed in front of a star, the brightness decrease is very small, less than 1%. If you have a large planet, a planet the size of Jupiter, and maybe that planet is even very close to the star, a couple per cent may fall. The real effect is relatively small. The stars are much larger and brighter than any planet around them. So, the dive is just a small dive. And so, imagine the surprise of people a couple of years ago when one of the stars seemed to be experiencing very dramatic brightness drops, up to 25%. Now, the only thing that could block 25% of a star's light is something as big as another star, and then we would see another star spinning, and that wasn't there. We had never seen anything like this before.

And interestingly, this was done by what we call a citizen scientist. There are people in the public who are not trained scientists who really help NASA. They review our data. And they have no training. It is almost like a video game format. In fact, they help us review the data, and then point out things that are interesting. Obviously, we have computer programs that look for these variations in the starlight. And computer programs find 99% of everything we are looking for. But sometimes there is a strange result, something that does not match the computer algorithm, and the computer discards it. And that is what happened with this star. It was such a dramatic fall that it could not have been real. And not only that, the fall was not symmetrical. When you have a small ball, a small planet goes in front of a star, the fall is nice and symmetrical. It is a beautiful, even, circular shape that goes in front of the star. It had a very strange shape, almost as if giant triangles moved across the surface of the star.


So, scientists did not immediately conclude that, hey, maybe these are giant extraterrestrial solar collectors. But in the article that was published, the first author was Tabetha Boyajian, they noticed that if there was something like Dyson's sphere, it could look like this. And, of course, the press grabbed it and people wondered that if we could really have found evidence for the existence of a super civilization around the star. And actually, even myself, this star is about 60 light-years away and is visible through a small telescope. It is not a particularly bright star, but you can see it through a small telescope. And I was wondering if we could prove that this was artificial. You could go out to your backyard at night, put a telescope in the sky and see this little point of light, and know that there was something wonderful, amazing, a super civilization around that star. It gave me the chills. Of course, we wanted to follow up and find out what it really was. Could they really be giant solar collectors orbiting a star? Well, the unfortunate thing is that, after many follow-ups and looking at it in different wavelengths of light, there was a relatively simple discovery that everything is made of dust. In reality, it duplicates different wavelengths of light, different colours, differently, in the same way, that sunlight blushes in a water droplet.


As it descends through the air, the blue light disperses, the red light is left and you have a beautiful orange or red sunset. And whatever is made of dust. Unless aliens are particularly good at making giant solar particle collectors that are less than a millionth of a meter wide, it is not an alien civilization. Instead, we have a new mystery: what is this? There is a giant cloud of dust, opaque and thick around this star, and it is very uneven. And people wonder if maybe two planets have collided recently. Maybe two planets collided and threw this giant cloud of dust that is still settling. Maybe that is what we are seeing. We are not really sure. But One of the things I think he really says about this is that they often ask me, would you hide evidence of a civilization? Let's say we had extraterrestrial bodies or a UFO, or that we had found signs of space, would scientists hide that? from the public? And instead, I think what you saw were scientists jumping up and down, saying, oh my God, what if this is really something very interesting? We even called our SETI colleagues, the search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, which is an organization that really looks for radio signals around the sky that could be produced artificially, we asked them to take a look at the star, where they didn't see anything, so although this didn't turn out to be an alien civilization, and in fact, we still don't have evidence of aliens, we love the idea that there could be life out there. 
As scientists, this excites us. It inspires us. And immediately, even before knowing if it was true or not, we wondered if it could be a possibility. There is no way we can do it. Never hide it And not only that, but the sky is open to all. There isn't a single country that can really-- you're the only people who can point a telescope at the sky. There is no way that people can be organized enough to hide something like this. And as soon as we think When something unusual happened, we followed up. We wanted to know more about it. 

So that's fine, there are still no super civilizations, but maybe, someday, we will really receive a signal or see something there that has to be artificial. And then I'll be in my backyard with that telescope, looking with goosebumps.

~sciencefreak

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Sunday, February 16, 2020

February 16, 2020

What If Dinosaurs Were Still Alive Today? - sciencenerds

Wouldn't it be cool to ascertain a real-life t-rex, if only that one fatal asteroid never hit the world, would dinosaurs still be alive today? would they have evolved? what humans have survived this long?  could we ever learn to coexist?


Here's what would happen if dinosaurs never went extinct until 66 million years ago dinosaurs of all shapes and sizes roamed the earth intelligent adaptable and sometimes weighing as much as two jet planes it'shard to believe that it only took one rock to wipe them all out of course this was no ordinary rock, the asteroid that took out the dinosaurs was nine miles wide and hit the earth with the destructive force of ten billion Hiroshima bombs, the radioactive shockwave obliterated everything for hundreds of miles in every direction and 75% of all species on earth went extinct if that asteroid had hit just a little earlier a little later or even a few miles off courses we would be living in a very different world today.

 The rock that killed the dinosaurs struck the shallow waters of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula had it landed a little farther off the coast in a deeper part of the ocean the water might have absorbed some of the blasts along with its devastating effects on the atmosphere but even if the asteroid missed the earth dinosaurs would have to survive many significant global events in order to make it to our time.
55 million years ago temperatures rose, the climate was 8 degrees hotter than it is today, rainforests crowded and vegetation flourished, herbivores would have adapted and thrived but they'd have started to look a little different, the plants of this period were less nutritious and easier to digest the meaning, dinosaurs would likely shrink in size since their new diet wouldn't have as much energy roughly 20 million years after that South America and Antarctica split creating a cooler and drier world climate during this period long-legged, fast-moving dinosaurs would have evolved to travel the huge landmasses across the globe.

 Compared to mammals of this era, dinosaurs held significant advantages like having more teeth and better eyesight considering the dinosaurs were already so advanced scientists ponder whether mammals would have evolved in the least if dinosaurs hadn't gone extinct it's likely that the large animals we all know today would are preying the dinosaurs but remember humans evolved alongside woolly, mammoths and sabre-toothed cats while those species didn't survive the ice ages of two .6 million years ago given the evolutionary traits of some dinosaurs there is a chance they could have persisted but what about us could we handle freezing temperatures and large terrifyingly vicious predators and that they say running keeps the body warm but which may also cause you to taste better in an alternate universe if we did survive alongside these prehistoric beasts, it's possible we could see a true live t-rex on a protected reserve, not unlike Jurassic Park.

 Human population growth and excessive hunting would have driven larger dinosaurs to near extinction today they would most certainly be an endangered species but those that shrank and adapted over millions of years could coexist peacefully among us, in fact, some actually do where do you think pigeons came from it's hard to believe that birds were once the size of biplanes but then again it's hard to believe that with a slight twist of fate we might have walked with Dinosaursor we might have become dinosaur chow and not have evolved at all but seeing is believing,

 Science stands on facts, not faith so if you've got a passion for the incredible then keep Reading.

~sciencefreak
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Tuesday, February 11, 2020

February 11, 2020

Why the rocket launch sound could kill you? - sciencenerds

Sound waves created during Rockets launches can get so loud that could knock down a close-by building 

we can't see sound, doesn't mean it's not something physical it is and the loudest sounds ever created like the sound of a rocket launching it can be powerful and damaging, sound needs to travel through something like the air we can hear the sound because it vibrates the air molecules as it travels but that also means that the air has to pass out the way permitting sound to travel making a pressure wave.


The pressure wave is proportional to the intensity of a sound it's measured in decibels and as the intensity of a sound wave increases so does the waves pressure sound is mechanical so the waves are moving the air to make higher and lower densities of air molecules essentially an explosion pushes the air out of the way vibrating it at a high frequency with a lot of mechanical energy now think of rockets they're generating so much sound that the decibel levels are huge a typical conversation registers at about decibels and things can't get much louder before we start to damage our hearing sounds between and decibels like a subway train feet away from you is the level where you start to have hearing loss from sustained exposure a loud rock concert which could cause actual hearing damage is around decibels that's louder than a motorcycle or a power saw physical pain starts at around a hundred twenty-five decibels think standing a few feet away from a pneumatic Riveterouch anything above certain decibels like a jet engine roaring a from a hundred feet away can cause damage to your tissues in your ear irreversibly in a very short time.

One of the highest sound power levels ever recorded was, when NASA was testing these super cool awesome first stage of the Saturn rocket this stage used five engines to generate 1 million pounds of thrust and one test registered about decibels modern rockets are a little quieter coming in at about decibels I went to see that last shuttle launch STS  and even on the opposite side of the tidal pond from the platform the sound was really extremely noisy however it took a short time to get some which were really cool sound doesn't just threaten our hearing the energy stored in sound can create strong enough pressure waves that can damage physical structures in cool putting the rocket that's making the sound it doesn't seem like a good idea.


With  Merlin engines firing to produce and a half million pounds of thrust, it's fair to say, it’s pretty loud. For rockets with this much power, the sound energy produced by the engines can actually be very damaging to the rocket itself as well as the surrounding buildings.

In this article, we’re going to look at the method that NASA uses to reduce some of the sound damage. We’re also going to look at the unique way that the Russian’s deal with this problem.

 Incredible heat energy emerging out from the engines includes sound energy when the rocket lifts off from the launchpad.

According to NASA, the Saturn delivered a sound degree of around decibels during lift-off. If you were close enough to the engines, it wouldn’t just destroy your eardrums, leading to death. During the launch of the first Space Shuttle flight STS-, the sound energy produced by the engines was powerful enough to damage some of the protective thermal tiles on the Shuttle's hull. Although NASA used sound suppression frameworks before, the danger of harming the rocket or placing the team in danger was higher for the shuttle due to its unique shape and sensitive heat shield.

To avoid damaging the vehicle or putting the crew in danger, NASA solved this problem by implementing a more effective sound suppression system. This consists of a large water tower at the launch site which dumps over 1 million lbs of water onto the launch pad in just 40 seconds.

As the sound waves meet the water, they are absorbed by bubbles of air that contract and heat up, turning the sound energy into heat energy. Along with this enormous spray of water, NASA also used “water bags” at the base of the SRB’s to further dampen the shock waves. These were large nylon bags - each about one foot wide and one foot deep - filled with water and stretched across the SRB flame holes. Together, these two frameworks had the option to diminish the sound degree of the Space Shuttle from decibels to a progressively good, the likeness a fly taking off.

Although it can be difficult to see the water deluge system in action, it’s during a sound suppression test that we really get a sense of just how much water is used. Dumping this much water onto the launch pad not only protects the rocket and nearby buildings from intense shock waves, but it also stops any fires that might be caused by the exhaust of the rocket. NASA still uses a very same water deluge system at it's all main launch sites. whereas Russians using a different approach.
Since a lot of the Russian Soyuz rockets launch from Baikonur in Kazakhstan, where the temperatures can be as low as - degrees in the winter, a water deluge system would freeze up instantly, making it completely useless.

Their solution is to simply suspend the rocket over a much larger flame trench. This means that it is very little in the way for the shock waves to damage or reflect back onto the rocket. So although rocket science deals with some of the most complex engineering challenges, it’s interesting to see that some problems can be solved with very simple solutions.


~sciencefreak

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February 11, 2020

What is TELEPORTATION? - sciencenerds

Teleportation

        The theoretical concept of transferring the matter from one point to another distinct point in spacetime without travelling the actual physical distance between them, it's a standard subject in fantasy literature, film, video games and tv since teleportation has become a hot topic in quantum physics namely state energy and particle teleportation the utilization of the term teleport to elucidate the hypothetical movement of cloth objects from one place to a certain point without physically traversing the space between them has been documented.


Chinese scientists have successfully achieved quantum teleportation from a station on the bottom to a satellite in orbit a distance of over, kilometres the scientists were successful during this task over times a really short introduction it's all about the strange and bizarre world of physics explained in a simple and fun way.


 The teleportation achieved wasn't the sort that you simply would imagine from the films where an object gets physically moved from one location to a special but it's a special quite teleportation called quantum teleportation let me explain a fundamental particle sort of a photon which is what light is made of is often described with something called a state, a state could also be a group of properties that include information about the way the particle is moving and behaving the state or description of 1 particle are often linked to a special particle during a special way the state of 1 particle influences the state of the other particle this is often often called quantum entanglement.


It's easier to consider the states like binary one or zero very similar to quantum computer qubits strangely when we're not looking, the particles exist in both states at an equivalent time and there is only a probability of which one they go to be this is often called superposition state, the state of a particle only gets confirmed as we will look and measure, what I'm close to saying now's getting to sound odd but its how the planet works, once you observe the state of 1 particle the opposite particle has got to be within the opposite state meaning once we observe that the one particle is in state one, the opposite particle has got to be in state two.


 it is a strange thing to urge your head around but it's fascinating because there's some amazing implications what's more interesting is that the space between the particles doesn't matter you'll move them a meter apart or the space of the universe apart and they'll still interact with one another and be in opposite states this transfer of data about which state the particles are in by definition is named quantum teleportation it is a hard concept for human minds to know because in our world of each classical physics if there are two things that are exactly identical they still have a private identity they could only affect one another if they're relatively close this is often not an equivalent for the very small world of physics because quantum entanglement works at any distance and instantly the particular information transmitted between the 2 particles travels faster than the speed of sunshine this has been known for several decades one among them great peculiarities of quantum physics which Schrodinger already realized in is that in many situations two distinct physical systems are characterized by one state, if you are trying to characterize the state of 1 part you want to ask the state of the opposite part and if you ask the state of the second part you want to ask the state of the primary the 2 systems as he put it are entangled in order that abides to admit that the quantum correlations exist within the world and if we are to elucidate them and not just accept the maths given if we are to elucidate them were obliged to invoke something like actions going faster than light from one place to a different although the perception and transfer of the knowledge of that information obviously cannot be transmitted faster than the speed of sunshine 


 If this sounds weird and impossible to you, you're in good company this predicament bothered Albert Einstein so much that he thought it was so strange and believed that it couldn't be true he called it spooky action at a distance and some other physicists of the day wrote a paper outlining the phenomenon but stated that quantum entanglement is due to some things which we don't understand, this remained a theory and was only seemed to be possible in the fast forward and quantum entanglement actually could happen even at kilometres of distance and was actually the physical limit as fibre-optic cables cause too many losses next we to move beyond earth and test this theory from space a much greater challenge and something that had never been done before after five years of development the Chinese Academy of scientists launched the world's first quantum satellite called Mickey as' in August of according to study co-author professor chou-Heung Lu quote quantum science has become a new resource as real as energy and is being applied to cryptography, teleportation and quantum computing.

 This new knowledge can instantly be applied to those areas in the quote so here's how it worked the satellite made two-photon particles interact with one another in order that they were entangled then beamed them right down to two separate stations on earth quite thousand kilometres apart amazingly it had been observed that these particles were still interacting despite the very large distance dr. Chung lease young of the Australian National University who themselves are within the process of developing Australia's own quantum satellite said that the results were a serious milestone quote since they launched the satellite all folks working during this area are expecting some results but I'm very surprised that they achieved this so quickly in but a year's time in quote some applications of this include the secure transfer of data because any change in one particle are going to be apparent within the other instantly quantum entanglement has been considered a potentially powerful tool for sending information securely especially this might enable secure distribution of keys to unlock codes encrypting secret information in otherwords quantum teleportation can actually be used as a kind of digital burglar alarm thanks to the character of entanglement if any third party tried to use the key it'd be detected by the sender and receiver instantly and that they would know that that they had been hacked this technology could even be wont to build quantum networks that are instantaneous and far faster than anything that we could build today he's another quote from the Chinese research team quote long-distance entanglement distribution is important for thetesting of physics and quantum networks these works establish the primary ground to satellite uplink for faithful ultra distance quantum teleportation an important breakthrough to the worldwide scale on some internet unquote so Idon't realize you but I find these things absolutely fascinating I thinkit's amazing that we're living in such a time where this type of thing as possible and breakthroughs are happening every single year although we're within the youth of this technology and there is still currently some limits.

What the Chinese team did maybe a milestone and that I bet, the longer term is going to be filled with surprises as more inventions are going to be administered within the world of physics.

 ~sciencefreak
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Monday, October 14, 2019

October 14, 2019

Time travel - ScienceNerds


Time Travel

is the concept of travelling between fixed points in the timeline, comparable in certain respects to movement between different points in spacetime by an object or person, typically employing a hypothetical device known as a time machine. Time travel may be a well-known concept in philosophy and fiction.

spacetime curvature


can we make time travel?

However, making one body advance or delay quite a couple of milliseconds compared to a different body isn't feasible with current technology. As for backwards time travel, it's possible to seek out solutions generally relativity that leaves it, but the solutions require conditions which will not be physically possible.

Travel into the future or past ?!

Travel into the past is maybe impossible, whether or not it was possible, its argued that travelling back in time is done only up to the instant machine was built, not a flash before it.
                 But travel to the future lets see it...
Who are time travellers?
Is there any time Traveler among us?

Definitely, we all are time travellers, travelling through the present of your time in space at the speed of 1 hour per hour.

 Ways of travelling to the future:

 Speed: This approach is the easiest and practical to go to the future. According to Einstein's Theory of special theory of relativity, once we travel at the speed almost the speed of sunshine, the time slows down for you relative to the outside world.

 And the closer you get to the speed of sunshine, the more extreme the time-travel and eventually At the speed of sunshine the time stops.

Gravity: According to Einstein's general relativity the stronger the gravity you feel the slower the time moves.
Wormholes: Wormholes are known as the shortcuts through spacetime, which might be able to bridge distances of a billion light-years or more or different points in time.
              Many physicists, including Hawking, believe wormholes are constantly popping in and out of existence at the quantum scale, far smaller than atoms. The trick would be to capture one and inflate it to human scales - a feat that might require an enormous amount of energy, but which could just be possible, in theory.

     Attempts to prove this either way have failed, ultimately due to the incompatibility between the general theory of relativity and quantum physics.

    Is time travel a paradox?

    A causal loop may be a paradox of your time travel that happens when a future event is that the explanation for a past event, which successively is that the explanation for the longer-term event. Both events then exist in spacetime, but their origin can't be determined.

    1.Grandfather Paradox :

    The grandfather paradox encompasses any change to the past, and it's presented in many variations. Physicist John Garrison et al. give a variation of the paradox of an electronic circuit which sends a symbol through a machine to shut itself off, and receives the signal before it sends it.

    2.Casual Loop :

    A causal loop may be a paradox of your time travel that happens when a future event is that the explanation for a past event, which successively is that the explanation for the future event. Both events then exist in spacetime, but their origin can't be determined. A causal loop may involve an occasion, an individual or object, or information.

    3.Fermi's Paradox :

    The Fermi paradox is often adapted for time travel, and phrased if time travel were possible, where are all the visitors from the future? well, some people claiming to be the visitors from a particular point within the past to some saying that travelling through the time isn't possible practically and is simply a theoretical concept.
     4.Newcomb's Paradox : 
          
    maybe a thought experiment showing a transparent contradiction between the expected utility principle and thus the strategic dominance principle. The thought experiment is typically extended to explore causality and discretion by allowing "perfect predictors": if perfect predictors of the long run exist, as an example if time travel exists as a mechanism for creating perfect predictions, then perfect predictions appear to contradict discretion because decisions apparently made with discretion are already known to the proper predictor.


    ~sciencefreak



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