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Tuesday, February 25, 2020

topics February 25, 2020

What Happens After We Die? - ScienceNerds

What Happens After We Die? - For many it's not a topic we often want to talk about and looking deeper into the nuts and bolts of passing on is a difficult task yet it is a fact of life an inescapable inevitability and it has been a go-to subject for artists writers and musicians from all around the world for centuries.

What Happens After We Die - ScienceNerds

Death is arguable, the greatest most mysterious and most unsettling of great unknowns but is there anything about the physical mental and spiritual aspects of dying that can make understanding, it just a little bit easier this is unveiled and today we're answering the extraordinary question - what happens after we die, are you a fiend for facts are you constantly curious?

what literally happens to our bodies after we passed on well most of the key processes began almost immediately after our heart stopped beating and our brains cease to function pallor Mortis refers to how our bodies start to become pale within 15 minutes or so after death Algor mortis is are duction in temperature which typically starts to set in within the hour livor mortis is when the blood left in our bodies moves down to the lowest possible point thanks to gravity leaving discolouration wherever it settles it's usually noticeable within a couple of hours and then there's rigour Mortis which is the stiffening of limbs and perhaps the most well known of all the Mortis terms and so-called signs of death it usually happens within the first 4 to 24 hours and by now the once-living breathing body is definitely a corpse right about now when the body's muscles are tense various enzymes set to work decomposing human tissue and eventually the muscles that were stiff through rigour Mortis relax and here's when the physical site of death takes a fairly from its turn as all muscles are released including those throughout the digestive system, so often are the remaining contents of bowels the body white process is known as putrefaction also ramps up breaking down the physical form on every level organs are liquefied as bacteria and funguses deteriorate the shell down to the skeleton our teeth nails and hair are usually the last things to go but most of all of it happens within about a month for forensic.

scientists and medical the examiner's it's a vital period of time because if there are any questions on how when or why a person died then exactly what happens to their body post death can provide some answers naturally today's question doesn't only concern physical observable processes there's also the brain to consider and from a more spiritual perspective or consciousness when thinking about specific times of death many consider the moment of brain death to be the key this is when all signs of the brain working disappear & when all electrical activity in the brain ends given our ever-expanding understanding of how the brain works there is some debate on the criteria for brain death but in terms of what happens after we die the brain ultimately succumbs to the same decomposition as the rest of the body ideas on when we die branch out further still though in part thanks to testimonials from people who have reportedly been brought back from the brink of death undergoing what's commonly known as a near-death experience thanks to dramatization in the media there are certain stereotypes for what an NDE might look like a heavenly light the pearly gates our loved ones all waiting for us on the other side and to some extent these images have been backed up by real-world accounts particularly the white the light aspect of them it's also relatively common for people to recall an out-of-body experience seeing themselves on the hospital operating table for example as well as a strong feeling of peace as though all of their fears and anxieties had been lifted from them scientifically speaking near-death experiences are the tricky concept there's no evidence that they're the result of an actual visit to the afterlife but there are theories that they're brought on by sudden changes in the brain particularly in the temporal lobe and hippocampus or that they're hallucinations triggered by a loss of oxygen there also psychological theories on NDEs including that they happen because we're culturally conditioned to expect them to and that the archetypal tunnel and light vision is in some way linked to the trauma of being born even the most convincing explanations struggle to explain instances when patients can recall seeing hearing or experiencing things that they couldn't possibly have known about though here's where our ideas on consciousness come into play a 20-17 study from the University of Southampton in the UK challenged the previously held the belief that general awareness in the brain ceased approximately 30 seconds after the body stops receiving blood pumped by the heart instead it suggested that there exists a window of up to 3 minutes during the cardiac stage of death when we can still be somewhat aware of our surroundings and perhaps all and E's occur during this time before a patient is brought out of cardiac arrest and back to life more than that though while we mostly know for sure what happens to our bodies after death there is and has been for centuries ongoing debate about whether this really is the end because how about if our consciousness continued to exist after death building on ideas first put forward by Rene Descartesneuro psychiatrist Peter Fenwick offers up the theory that our brains aren't the originators of consciousness but rather a filter through which the universe is perceived similar to how we can only hear certain frequencies and see certain wavelengths for fen wick, there are spiritual connotations here where life after death does in some way exist thanks to a deeper connection between our detached consciousnesses and the universe at large despite even let's research and other similar studies there's no one accepted rule on whether what some call the human spirit and others the soul can survive biological death but the idea that it might is a great source of comfort for many physically speaking we can chart the expected course for our brains and bodies once we passed away metaphysically speaking we are not so sure for some that there's nothing afterlife for others an essence of ourselves does remain it's a point at which scientific theory meets spiritually where that one right answer is always up for debate what do you think is there anything we missed let us know in the comments...

~sciencefreak

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Thursday, February 20, 2020

topics February 20, 2020

Speed of Darkness - sciencenerds

Light travels at the fastest possible speed for a physical object. The darkness is erased when the light appears and returns when the light goes out. The speed of darkness is the speed of light, but there are other types of darkness that can move faster than the speed of light. For example, a shadow.

Over a distance, a shadow can be made much larger than the object that creates it, but still mimics its origin, moving in the same way during the same time. Then, when a shadow is larger than the object that casts it, it moves a greater distance when the object moves but in the same period of time.

Make a shadow large enough and you can travel across the surface faster than light. If you, here on Earth, cast a shadow on the Moon, it is not an easy thing to do, which pointed from, say, point A on the surface of the moon, and then moved your finger so that the shadow moved to point B, your finger would only move a few centimetres in a fraction of a second. But the shadow cast on the moon would move thousands of kilometres in the same amount of time.

Do it right and you will easily produce a shadow that breaks the light barrier. But nothing happens here. The rule is that information cannot travel faster than light. You cannot make something happen in another place faster than light could travel from you to that other place. And our superluminal shadow is not transferring information from point A to point B. Of course, point B is being thrown into the dark before a light-speed message from A can warn it to approach, but darkness does not travel from point A to point B You are travelling from you to point A and point B at the speed of light.

What call shadow is really just a cross-section of a three-dimensional region. The darkness it is causing only changes to shape when the newly unlocked light fills the previous space. That's all shade is a gap. So, in a way, a shadow does not travel at all. That is an illusion caused by us to think that a shadow is something physical when in reality a shadow is just the lack of physical things: photons

They advance in the speed limit of the universe. But that does not mean that two shadows cannot kiss. Or, at least, it seems they are. Watch as a boy brings two shadows close to each other. Just before they really make contact, the shadows seem to magically bulge each other, in a kind of dark kiss.

What is happening is the shadow blister effect and has to do with the anatomy of a shadow. Umbra is the region where an object completely blocks a light source. It is the darkest part of the shadow in the most prototype part of the shadow. Where only part of the light source is blocked, we find the weakest penumbra. But as two or more penumbras approach and overlap, the combined amount of light they block may be sufficient to produce a noticeable difference, the shadow blister.

The Earth has a large umbra, it is 1.4 million kilometres long. This is how far it should be from Earth so that it no longer has an apparent diameter large enough to block all suns. Here, on the surface of the Earth, we are not so far away, so the night is so threshold. The night is only the shadow of the Earth that falls on you. To You eclipse (I mean your eclipse ... that's funny!).

The sunsets are great, they are beautiful to look at, but look the other way and you can see the shadow of our planet. Our atmosphere disperses the shorter wavelengths of light more than the longer wavelengths, which makes the sky look blue. But in the shadow of the Earth, there is less light to disperse and the sky seems darker. During twilight, you can see the demarcation.

This is the night shadow that approaches Earth. The beautiful pink band on her? That is the belt of Venus. It is caused by the sky that reflects the colours of the sunset behind us. You have probably noticed that just after the sun sets, it disappears from view, there is still light in the sky, scattered by the sun that is no longer visible.

If the sun is less than six degrees below the horizon, it is technically a civil twilight. You can still do many things outdoors without the need for artificial lights.

At 12 degrees below the horizon, we have a nautical twilight: artificial lights are more or less necessary, but the sky still scatters enough light to be bright enough for ships in the sea to navigate when seeing a contrast of the horizon between the dark and dimly lit sea sky.

Up to 18 degrees, astronomical twilight occurs. It seems at night but the sky can still darken. Until astronomical twilight is over, astronomical observations cannot be made overnight.

Less than 18 degrees is technically, honestly, at night. If you live at more than 48.5 degrees north or south latitude, during the summer the sun never goes more than 18 degrees below the horizon. Technically it is never night.

But that is slow darkness. Let's get to the point because we are looking for fast darkness. When the scissor blades cut, the point of intersection between both blades moves faster than the blades themselves.

Think of it this way: if I had a pair of scissors with blades that would last a light year and take a second to close, the intersection point would have travelled a full light year, not a year, but ... one second.

Laws are not being violated here because such a cut would be physically impossible. As I mentioned before, rigid objects do not move instantaneously when a thrust force is applied. Instead, that force moves through electromagnetic forces, from one atom to the next, and so on in the line. A compression wave that travels through the material at the speed of sound.

But what if we ignore that problem by allowing the blades to simply be separated in motion? Well, your point at an intersection can still travel faster than light, because it is not something physical. It is only a geometric point and does not carry more information than it could already gather when witnessing the approaching blades. But don't count that geometric point of the intersection yet.

It is the key to another type of darkness that can move faster than light. When waves collide, their ridges can merge into larger ridges, their channels into larger channels. This is constructive interference. But the ridges that collide with the channels are cancelled. If the waves are light, the result of destructive interference is darkness. And, in certain circumstances, the darkness created in this way can travel as the intersection between two lines, faster than light. Imagine concentric circles as light waves. The lines are wavy ridges and the intermediate spaces are channels. When they meet the points where they cross, they flee up and down faster than the waves travel, especially in the middle, which, in the case of light waves, makes them faster than light. The superluminal speeds of these dark patches can be seen very clearly if we make the crests of a source's waves black and the background. The overlapping regions in which red looks out represents destructive interference: darkness.

~sciencefreak

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Saturday, February 15, 2020

topics February 15, 2020

What is Pi - sciencenerds

What is 𝛑?

Let's assume, we are asked to draw a circle of radius three centimetres. So we draw a circle like this. The length of the red line will be the perimeter. And we have a special name for the perimeter of a circle. It's called the circumference. This length will be the circumference. This length will measure 18.85 centimetres. The next thing we need to find out is the diameter of the circle. The radius of any circle is half of its diameter. Hence, the diameter will be 2 multiplied by 3, which equals 6 centimetres.

Now we've been asked to draw a circle of radius four centimetres. It will be slightly bigger than the previous one. This red boundary will be the circumference. This time too we measure the circumference. For this circle, we get the circumference as,25.1 Centimeters. And the Diameter will be twice its radius, which equals 8 centimetres. We looked at two different cases here.

One circle with 3 as the radius, and another with 4 as its radius.

In both cases, we calculated the circumference and the diameter. Let's zoom out and find the ratio of the circumference by diameter in each case. On calculating the value of circumference by diameter in the first case, we will approximately get it as 3.14 And guess what! In the second case too we get the value of circumference upon diameter as approximately 3.14.

No matter which circle you take into consideration, the value of circumference by diameter will always be approximately equal to 3.14. This value is Pi. Remember, both these values are approximations. Now let's zoom out and deduce a formula for the circumference. As the circumference by diameter equals Pi, we can say that the circumference of a circle equals Pi multiplied by the Diameter. If we call the diameter 'D' then the formula can be written as multiplied by D'.Which can also be written as 'Pi multiplied by 2R'.

i.e circumference = 2𝛑R = 𝛑D

Because the diameter is twice the radius. So the circumference of a circle is written as 2𝛑R. It's an important formula, as it gives we can calculate the circumference even if you just have the radius of the circle.

There's another important thing about this special Constant 𝛑 (Pi). We get the same value when we divide 22 by 7. So the value of 𝛑 approximately equals 3.14 or 22 by 7. But why do we use this symbol for Pi? What is this symbol?

𝛑 is actually the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet. But the question remains the same, why the 16th letter? We just saw that 𝛑 has got something to do with the perimeter or the circumference of the circle. Let's use Google Translate to see the Greek equivalent of the perimeter.

As we can see the first letter of the Greek word is 𝛑.

Let's try a couple of more words related to the perimeter. How about the periphery?

The first letter is still Pi. Hmm. Okay, let's try circumference.

As we can see the first letter is still 𝛑. That's probably why this symbol was used to denote Pi. Anyway, don't forget an important point. Pi is the result of the circumference of the circle, divided by its diameter. So it is the ratio of the circumference to the diameter. Based on the formula if the diameter of the circle is 1 unit. Then its circumference will be Pi units. If we have a circle with a diameter equal to n unit, then the length of its boundary will be n times Pi(n𝛑) or approximately 3.14 units.

~sciencefreak

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Friday, February 14, 2020

topics February 14, 2020

Life_Sustain_on_mars - sciencenerds

We’ve talked a lot about what it would take to get humans to Mars, and even what a colony on Mars might look like. But soon we'd provide a few people one-way tickets to Mars. So how are they gonna survive? Turns out, scientists and engineers are planning about colonizing space for a short time.

As we sent human to the Moon, it seemed like a Mars colony couldn’t be too far off. But the 1970s came and went ... and the ’80s . . . and the ‘90s . . . and the 2000s. Still, no people on Mars -- and it’s looking like it isn’t going to happen in the 2010s, either. Well, you recognize what they say: The sixth decade’s the charm… right? Because now it’s 2020, and the crew of Mars One, a mission being planned by a nonprofit organization of the same name, could be the humans to colonize Mars. Right now, the mission is set to launch in 2026 -- though it’s already been delayed twice. But what’s so hard about fixing shop on Mars, anyway?

Also read: Elon Musk - Mars colonization_2050 - sciencenerds

There aren’t any five-star Martian hotels, so when it involves sleeping accommodations, it’s one among those “bring-your-own-room” situations. Before they send people Mars, One is getting to send missions with rovers and supplies, including living units and life support units that the robots will found out for the first group of astronauts. Then, after the primary crew lands, they’ll receive more supplies and found out the lebensraum for the second crew which pattern will continue for all of the missions afterwards.

Each astronaut will probably have around ten square meters of private living area. But there also are getting to be some common spaces like kitchens and hallways, so things shouldn’t get too cramped. They’re not luxury apartments, but they’re not half bad for Martian land. Now that we’ve got our astronauts settled in the Martian condos, what are they gonna eat? the thought is to grow many edible crops in special greenhouse sections of the habitats-- quite like what Mark Watney tried to try to within the Martian -- so there’s always food to reap.

The settlers got to ensure their plants have artificial light, CO2, nutrients, and water to grow. And Mars’s atmosphere could be very thin, but it's almost entirely CO2, so that’s an encouraging sign that we’ll be ready to use a number of the Martian air within the greenhouses. Scientists also think that Martian soil may need the proper nutrients for plants to grow, especially if astronauts supplement it with fertilizers and wash out a number of the things that might be toxic to humans. But finding water on a desert planet like Mars may be a little trickier. Fortunately, tons of scientists think that there is much water locked away within the topsoil and rocks. It’ll be up to those habitat-building robots to prove them right, extract some water, and obtain the initial crops growing. By the time the astronauts arrive, they’ll have some food to reap and can get to start planting their own. But, with food involves poop. So scientists are still trying to work out the way to affect all of the waste that folks and plants produce, especially because the colony grows. But who really cares about sleeping and eating if you can’t survive outside of a spacesuit:. . .
Where will breathable air come from? The atmosphere of Mars is incredibly thin having almost no oxygen. In fact, just about 0.13% of Mars’s atmosphere is oxygen, compared to that of Earth which is 21%. And humans, don’t tend to sustain long without oxygen. So an Earth-like atmosphere inside the habitats has got to come from somewhere, and that we need to make tons of it refill all that lebensraum.

The plants will produce oxygen as they photosynthesize, but it might take an extended time for that oxygen to create up to life-sustaining levels. The hope is that some oxygen gas are often extracted from the Martian air, by basically splitting up the carbon and oxygen within the CO2, or it can come from the soil with the assistance of microbes. It’s getting to take a touch little bit of juggling to urge all of the proper gases within the right proportions within the air, but scientists are pretty sure it can work with the proper technologies. So will these plans work?
So Are we finally gonna send people to colonize Mars? Well, maybe.

In a paper published earlier this year, a group of scientists at MIT described a detailed simulation of the Mars One mission. In the paper, they write, and I quote, “our analysis finds that the Mars One mission plan, as publicly described, is not feasible.”But there are also a bunch of scientists who think that Mars One is progressing right on track and that it’s going to work. So it’s hard to say if we’re really going watch human beings colonize the Red Planet in 2027. But we know that either way, NASA has planned to send astronauts on Mars somewhere in the 2030s. So even if we don’t have a colony set up by then, hopefully, the astronauts will return with data that might help us plan for one in future.

Thank you for reading this article, Let's take mankind to space heights along with humanity . . .

~sciencefreak

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topics February 14, 2020

Elon Musk - Mars colonization_2050 - sciencenerds

Elon Musk says he plans to send a million people to Mars by launching three-star ship rockets every day !

creating a lot of jobs on Mars in a series of tweets on Thursday, Elon Musk shared few details for his plan to set up a city of about a million people on Mars by 2050. Elon Musk said he hoped to build 1000 starships fully reusable spaceships that space acts are developing in South Texas over a period of 10 years which equates to 100 starships per year.

Elon Musk added eventually the goal is to launch an average of 3 starships per day and make the trip to Mars available to anybody quote it needs to be such that anyone can go if they want with loans available for those who don't have money and quote Elon Musk wrote each starship would pack enough thrust to send more than a hundred tons about seven fully loaded school buses worth of mass and a hundred people into orbit at a time.

Elon Musk didn't specify what exactly the Rockets would need to carry to Mars but a lot of food water building materials tools and advanced life support systems are a given thus he estimated he would need a whole fleet of starships to build a permanent settlement, Elon Musk tweeted on Thursday quote megatons per year to orbit are needed for life to become multi-planetary and quote in total, 1000 starships could hypothetically transport about a hundred megatons of stuff to Mars, that's the volume musk has said he hopes to send to the Red Planet per year with each ship ferrying about a hundred passengers that would make for a total migration of about a hundred thousand people.

Also read: Life_sustain_on_mars - sciencenerds

Elon Musk also suggested he plan to capitalize on the brief windows of time that orbits of Earth and Mars aligned which come about on every month that allows spacecraft to spring off Earth's rotation and set themselves on a low fuel journey toward Mars.

Elon Musk said he would take advantage of the opportunity by the quote "loading the Mars fleet into Earth orbit" then sending all, 1000 ships on a Mars-bound trajectory over that 30 day window every month a starship prototype could launch within 26 months.

Elon Musk sent a new starship prototype may launch before the end of March quote first flight is hopefully, two to three months away and equal must tweet on December, the development of the prototype hit delays after an accidental explosion during a fuel tank pressurization test on November 20th, which blew the top off space axis first 16 story starship prototype, the company could build as many as different prototypes before engineers settle on a 1.0 design to fly cargo and people the full starship launch system would also include a toy two-story rocket booster called super-heavy combined the whole thing would stand about 387 feet tall during launch a starship spaceship would ride atop the booster disconnect after the booster runs low on fuel and rocket it's way into orbit both parts are being designed to be fully reusable if that vision comes to pass.

Elon Musk estimates the cost of a single launch would be just two million dollars that be hundreds of times cheaper than the current cost of launching a similar number of people an amount of cargo into space on any planned or existing rocket including SpaceX's own Falcon9 system.

~sciencefreak

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Tuesday, February 11, 2020

topics February 11, 2020

Why the rocket launch sound could kill you? - sciencenerds

Sound waves created during Rockets launches can get so loud that could knock down a close-by building

we can't see sound, doesn't mean it's not something physical it is and the loudest sounds ever created like the sound of a rocket launching it can be powerful and damaging, sound needs to travel through something like the air we can hear the sound because it vibrates the air molecules as it travels but that also means that the air has to pass out the way permitting sound to travel making a pressure wave.

The pressure wave is proportional to the intensity of a sound it's measured in decibels and as the intensity of a sound wave increases so does the waves pressure sound is mechanical so the waves are moving the air to make higher and lower densities of air molecules essentially an explosion pushes the air out of the way vibrating it at a high frequency with a lot of mechanical energy now think of rockets they're generating so much sound that the decibel levels are huge a typical conversation registers at about decibels and things can't get much louder before we start to damage our hearing sounds between and decibels like a subway train feet away from you is the level where you start to have hearing loss from sustained exposure a loud rock concert which could cause actual hearing damage is around decibels that's louder than a motorcycle or a power saw physical pain starts at around a hundred twenty-five decibels think standing a few feet away from a pneumatic Riveterouch anything above certain decibels like a jet engine roaring a from a hundred feet away can cause damage to your tissues in your ear irreversibly in a very short time.

One of the highest sound power levels ever recorded was, when NASA was testing these super cool awesome first stage of the Saturn rocket this stage used five engines to generate 1 million pounds of thrust and one test registered about decibels modern rockets are a little quieter coming in at about decibels I went to see that last shuttle launch STS and even on the opposite side of the tidal pond from the platform the sound was really extremely noisy however it took a short time to get some which were really cool sound doesn't just threaten our hearing the energy stored in sound can create strong enough pressure waves that can damage physical structures in cool putting the rocket that's making the sound it doesn't seem like a good idea.

With Merlin engines firing to produce and a half million pounds of thrust, it's fair to say, it’s pretty loud. For rockets with this much power, the sound energy produced by the engines can actually be very damaging to the rocket itself as well as the surrounding buildings.

In this article, we’re going to look at the method that NASA uses to reduce some of the sound damage. We’re also going to look at the unique way that the Russian’s deal with this problem.

Incredible heat energy emerging out from the engines includes sound energy when the rocket lifts off from the launchpad.

According to NASA, the Saturn delivered a sound degree of around decibels during lift-off. If you were close enough to the engines, it wouldn’t just destroy your eardrums, leading to death. During the launch of the first Space Shuttle flight STS-, the sound energy produced by the engines was powerful enough to damage some of the protective thermal tiles on the Shuttle's hull. Although NASA used sound suppression frameworks before, the danger of harming the rocket or placing the team in danger was higher for the shuttle due to its unique shape and sensitive heat shield.

To avoid damaging the vehicle or putting the crew in danger, NASA solved this problem by implementing a more effective sound suppression system. This consists of a large water tower at the launch site which dumps over 1 million lbs of water onto the launch pad in just 40 seconds.

As the sound waves meet the water, they are absorbed by bubbles of air that contract and heat up, turning the sound energy into heat energy. Along with this enormous spray of water, NASA also used “water bags” at the base of the SRB’s to further dampen the shock waves. These were large nylon bags - each about one foot wide and one foot deep - filled with water and stretched across the SRB flame holes. Together, these two frameworks had the option to diminish the sound degree of the Space Shuttle from decibels to a progressively good, the likeness a fly taking off.

Although it can be difficult to see the water deluge system in action, it’s during a sound suppression test that we really get a sense of just how much water is used. Dumping this much water onto the launch pad not only protects the rocket and nearby buildings from intense shock waves, but it also stops any fires that might be caused by the exhaust of the rocket. NASA still uses a very same water deluge system at it's all main launch sites. whereas Russians using a different approach.

Since a lot of the Russian Soyuz rockets launch from Baikonur in Kazakhstan, where the temperatures can be as low as - degrees in the winter, a water deluge system would freeze up instantly, making it completely useless.

Their solution is to simply suspend the rocket over a much larger flame trench. This means that it is very little in the way for the shock waves to damage or reflect back onto the rocket. So although rocket science deals with some of the most complex engineering challenges, it’s interesting to see that some problems can be solved with very simple solutions.

~sciencefreak

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Monday, February 3, 2020

topics February 03, 2020

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - Brief introduction | ScienceNerds

Humanity has made some objects that can achieve nearly the 99.999999% the speed of sunshine, in fact, that's so fast that if we race light with manmade object to the moon, the light would only win by an entire of 4 meters how did we manage to undertake there to

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), Switzerland

in fantasy, people travel faster than light all the time but here, actually, physics doesn't let anything go faster than light actually practically we've not come anywhere on the brink of that

speed the fastest man-made object in existence is a probe being sent to study the Sun will travel at over 700 thousand kilometres an hour that may sound fast but the light goes at over a billion kilometres an hour so our probe is only travelling at a small fraction of 1% the speed of light

The objects with which we will achieve the high speed are sub-atomic particles, protons and electrons are subatomic particles that are present in every atom they're accelerated to just about the speed of sunshine by the most important accelerator we've ever built the massive Hadron Collider or LHC, the very fact that they are charged is that the key to creating this work two charged particles will repel one another same with two charged ones that are the key to letting us use electromagnetic fields to push these protons around

let's see how it's wiped out the LHC, the LHC isn't a completely new machine, but it's built out of the parts of each previous accelerator built by its operators at CERN over the years

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), Switzerland

CERN has built many of biggest particle accelerators of that point now those earlier accelerators help speed up the protons and put them on the way into the LHC protons begin by travelling down a linear tube where electromagnetic fields give them a continuing barge from there they enter into a series of loops with each loop increasing the speed to them before injecting into the 26-kilometre long tube, the brain of the LHC.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), Switzerland

The 26 kilometers long tube is filled with magnets variety of the magnets help keep the protons accelerate straight as they move down the tube others help impart slightly of a curve so as that they're going around the circular path of the LHC, the tube carries two sets of protons which frolic the ring in opposite directions they cross paths at several points to make collisions and there's one spot within the entering where protons are given slightly kick and sped up at that location the protons undergo what's called a resonator, the resonator hosts what you'll consider a wave within the electro magneticfield things are time said that a bunch of protons enters the resonator before a peak in electro magnetic wave from here they surf the peak of the wave across learning speed as they're doing because the protons exit the wave reverses and rushes across to the opposite side of the resonator this lets it push the protons traveling within the opposite way by speeding up the speed at which the wave reverses, you'll accelerate the protons to ever higher speeds and by timing the flips carefully you'll use it to accelerate things stepping into opposite directions you'll notice slightly problem here that protons are like cars if they keep trying to need a turn ever and ever faster eventually they'll hit a speed where they're going to not make the turn and end up flying off the road so we'd like something to undertake to to slightly bit of additional steering whenever the protons run through which is completed by the magnets of the LHC, the magnets got to bead justed in order that they seem to be a touch stronger whenever the protons undergo this keeps them from spinning off-course within the curves one consequence of this is often often often that the absolute best speed of the LHC isn't set by the resonator which does the speeding up instead it's set by the magnets that keep things in restraint within the curves another problem you'd possibly have noticed is that we said that the LHC deals with bunches of protons all of which have an equivalent charge which we mentioned that two positive charges will always repel one another so why doesn't this repulsion keep the bunches of protons from just flying apart this problem solved by Einstein's theory of relativity one of the results of relativity is that if things are accelerated near the speed of sunshine instead of going faster they go to only get heavier as a result the LHC makes the protons more heavy as a accelerates and as they get more massive it takes more force to push them around kind of a ball it's harder to strong-arm than , one consequence of this is often often that the push from having the protons all be the same charge as less and an impression as i buy more massive so accelerators a bit like the LHC want to unravel their problem just by doing their job all this combines to allow us to bring protons up to a speed that few folks can possibly imagine.

~sciencefreak

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